Mathematics for AI and Machine Learning

Foundations for modern AI and machine learning

Orthogonality

Chapter 1 Linear algebra

Chapter 1: Vector Space and Inner Product — Orthogonality & Gram-Schmidt

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Orthogonality — high-resolution mind-map icon

From the book

Chapter 1: Vector Space and Inner Product. In the chapter mind map this icon labels Orthogonality & Gram-Schmidt. The discussion below is excerpted and lightly edited from § Gram–Schmidt Algorithm for Orthonormalization in Mathematics for AI and Machine Learning.

Let $W$ be a space of dimension $r$, and let ${\mathbf{v}_0, \ldots, \mathbf{v}_{r-1}}$ be a basis of $W$. We construct an orthonormal basis ${\mathbf{e}_0, \ldots, \mathbf{e}_{r-1}}$ as follows.

What this drawing shows

What you see. Shows perpendicular vectors or axes, representing zero inner product and independent geometric directions.

In the mind map. Chapter 1 — Orthogonality & Gram-Schmidt. See From the book above for definitions, figures, and worked examples.

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Read the full definitions, figures, and worked examples in Chapter 1: Vector Space and Inner Product — see the mind-map node Orthogonality & Gram-Schmidt.